What Contributions Did B.F. Skinner And Ivan Pavlov Make To The Field Of Learning And Cognition?

From Psychology Forum:

What contributions did B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov make to the field of learning and cognition? What contributions did B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov make to the field of learning and cognition?

Answer: B. F. Skinner contributed his research on reinforcement and its positive and negative effects. He rejected the theory of introspection and and redefined psychology as "the science of observable behavior. He studied how consequences shaped behavior. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist who explored one important form of learning in his classic experiments on conditioning dogs. Pavlov showed how scientific research can reveal learning principles that apply across species. Others have modified Pavlov's understandings by asserting the importance of cognition and of biological predispositions to learn certain associations.

What Are The Differences Between John B Watson And B F Skinner?

From Psychology Forum:

What are the differences between John B Watson and B F Skinner? What are the major differences between John B Watson and B F Skinner?

Answer: B.F. Skinner created the ope rant conditioning box. Mean't to test and train certain animals through the use of conditioning via the use of stimuli. The box had a response lever, a food dispenser, lights, loudspeaker, an electrified grid on the floor (jeez how cruel is that?), and 2 cue lights. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning_chamber John B Watson is known for the Little Albert experiment. An experiment in which a 9 month old baby was conditioned in order to experience fear with the presence of a combination of a variety of things (burning newspapers, rats, rabbits) and loud noises. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert

Were There Any Surroundings That Influenced B.F Skinner To Become A Psychologist?

From Psychology Forum:

Were there any surroundings that influenced B.F Skinner to become a psychologist? Why did B.F Skinner become a psychologist? He switched from literacy to psychology so was there anything going on in his life that caused him to make that move? He was the most influential psychologist after all. Thanks so much!

Answer: According to him, behavior is primarily caused by environmental conditioning, so there must have been something, right? He wasn't the most influential psychologist, thankfully, because he was wrong about a lot. Humans are not blank slates waiting to be programmed. His ideas led to a lot of horrific and inhuman experiments during the Th century.

What Is The Difference Between John B. Watson Ideas And B.F Skinners Ideas?

From Psychology Forum:

What is the difference between John B. Watson ideas and B.F Skinners ideas? I know that John B Watson was the founder of behaviourism and that he believed that psychologists should abandon the idea of consciousness and start studying observable behaviour. And then I read that B.F Skinner believes the same thing, but said that he didn't deny consciousnesses, but it just wasn't important to behaviourism. Its pretty much the same Thing. So what does B.F Skinner really mean?? Please and thank you

Answer: Watson's Classical Conditioning Skinner's Ope rant Conditioning Pavlov's dog Skinner's rat involuntary physiological reactions voluntary actions reflexive (S-R) active (R-S) Skinner’s Verbal Behavior is an ope rant analysis and a far more sophisticated account than Watson’ S-R analysis of language. (In fact, Skinner was not an S-R theorist, which is also a common misrepresentation). In short, Skinner and Watson used different paradigms. For an introductory account of Watson’s analysis of verbal behavior in his own words, see his text Behaviorism (1924, the chapter entitled “Talking and Thinking”). For Skinner, thinking means more than just covert verbal behavior which, as Watson suggested, occurs at low magnitudes (see Verbal Behavior, pp 434-435). For example, Skinner stated: Experienced [public] speakers, especially those who say the same thing many times appear to “think” one verbal response while saying another aloud, and one sometimes appears to read aloud mechanically while carrying on, say a “fantasized” conversation. Small-scale muscular activity is also not very plausible in representing incipient verbal behavior. I was going to say…may be followed by a response which has not been previously emitted, even sub audibly. (p. 435) Skinner gives other examples but these are exemplary for showing that he had identified weaknesses in the Wilsonian sub-vocal speech account. Skinner in Verbal Behavior then goes on to analyze other meanings for “thinking” that come from cognitive psychology and lay language. For example, “I am thinking of going to a movie” (describes the probability of a response) and “I think it’s that one” (describes the probability of being correct). These points reveal that Skinner and Watson differed on many key issues including: (1) Role of ope rant (Skinner)-vs-respondent (Watson) models in verbal behavior. (2) Selectionist-vs-mechanistic accounts. They also differed on the value of emphasizing redefinitions of mentalist terms because this practice “proved to be awkward and inappropriate, and Watson's was, in fact, practically wrecked in the attempt to make them work” (Selection of Behavior, p. 160).

What Experiments Proved The Theories Of These Psychologists?

From Psychology Forum:

What experiments proved the theories of these psychologists? B.F. Skinner Abraham Maslow Sigmund Freud Jean Piaglet Ivan Pavlov Mary Ainsworth Noam Chomsky William James Erik Erikson Stanley Milgram I didn't have a problem finding what their theories were, but I couldn't even find one little info on experiments that proved each of their theories.

Answer: In psychology and most scientific efforts you cannot "prove" a theory. You can only provide evidence to support a theory. Therefore, if this is an assignment, you can say that no experiments have pr oven any of the theories of these authors. Proofs are in the domain of mathematics. You should read Noam Chomsky's critique of B.F. Skinner's methodology. He absolutely reamed the guy. B. F. Skinner experimented with rats and was able to create a stimulus response. Skinner took huge leaps of logic to apply this to all human activities and motivations. Chomsky made plausible arguments that human thought is far more complex than that which can be explained through stimulus response, and he gave examples. Skinner used the concept, but the Russ ion Ivan Pavlov during his studies of digestion, formulated the theory of stimulus response using dogs. When a bell was sounded before dinner time, the dogs would salivate in anticipation of food. Personally, I find this theory to be weak. You should read a bit deeper into the work of each person. By the way, Chomsky is a linguist at MIT, not a psychologist.

What Is The Key Concept Of Lev Yakutsk S Child Development Theories?

From Parenting Forum:

What is the key concept of Lev Yakutsk s child development theories? Also it be cool if some one could give me any of the same info on any info these guys. Erik Erikson B.F Skinner Albert Bandura John Bowlby Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess and Howard Gardner I just got these final for my Child development class and its due tomorrow and I've been looking all day for this information so if anyone can give me any help I would appreciate it a lot.

Answer: I'm a Middle Grades Education and Psychology major and I still don't have this stuff memorized. I needed this information for my psych final and Wiped.org was my source. I suggest just going to Wiped.org and typing in their names one at a time. They're on there. Good luck!

What Are The Strengths And Limitations Of Superstition In The Pigeon?

From Psychology Forum:

What are the strengths and limitations of Superstition in the Pigeon? This is a study by B F Skinner on ope rant conditioning using pigeons. I just need some of the studies' strengths and limitations. Thanks

Answer: All I've heard is pigeons are good luck Trying looking looking on line maybe through the search engines would provide you with some information.

What Topics Of Discussion Would You Think A Group Of Famous Psychologists Would Talk About?

From Psychology Forum:

What topics of discussion would you think a group of famous psychologists would talk about? William Wundt William James Sigmund Freud John B Watson B.F Skinner Frederic Perls R.D. Laing Abraham Maslow Karen Horney Edward Thorndike Alfread Binet G. Stanley Hall Ivan Pavlov Margaret Washburn Carl Jung Example: If these people were in a dinner party and sat somewhat near each other, what topics do you think they will talk about with the other psychologists as listed? - I need to get it done under an hour x_x

Answer: How their original thinking, and theories had been so corrupted by Pseudo psychologist. and the academic world in general. After viewing question posted here they may reassess Szasz's thinking that mental illness, or at least much of it is a myth.

What Is A Form Of Negative Reinforcement I Could Use?

From Psychology Forum:

What is a form of negative reinforcement I could use? I'm doing a project for a psychology class on the B.F. Skinner's experiment with positive/negative reinforcement and I'm not sure what I should use as negative reinforcement as a reward. Please help!

Answer: Pavlov's dog (conditioned reflexes) research how rats respond to an electric shock whenever they go near the cheese. Or how an electric fence keeps animals from escaping their enclosure. How the threat of punishment can make someone behave a certain way.

How Would You Argue That You Are Not Just An Automaton Or A Robot, But A Thinking, Feeling Being?

From Philosophy Forum:

How would you argue that you are not just an automaton or a robot, but a thinking, feeling being? Now Suppose a psychological theorist (for example, B. F. Skinner of Harvard University) were to write the in general, there are no such things as "mind", that people do nothing more than "behave"( that is,move theirs bodies and make sounds according to certain stimulation's form environment)

Answer: you can verify this for yourself. Can you REMEMBER yourself? Can you actually generate the sense of yourself existing, right now? Can you be aware of your awareness? How long can you maintain that sense before you are distracted? Before you fall asleep again? One minute? Two minutes? You don't HAVE to prove it to Mr. Walden Two. You know it for yourself. If you can remember yourself, then everything else is just "there". A machine CANNOT remember itself. There are two creatures in the world that have the capacity to be self aware. Human beings have the possibility but unless they work for it, unless they actively pursue this state of awareness, they will be asleep. Cats can remember themselves. CATS possess automatically what we must struggle for.

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